2. Content and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by Norja-naiset age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, this new WBQ will bring: (A) data toward character of your own new member; (B) recording regarding practices toward period of the earlier in the day few days out of good and you can liquid eating, water or drinks from a semi-quantitative dinner volume survey (FFQ) of 58 dishes confirmed getting estimating time consumption plus the a lot more sugar and honey that is added to drinks; and you may (C) estimate away from exercise along with their the newest Global Exercise Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and therefore facts duration of physical working out during the three interest accounts (extreme, modest, lighter get it done) or inactive conditions. The fresh IPAQ might have been confirmed prior to now as the a corner-federal appliance having tape physical activity [20,21,22] and to imagine time costs.
The ability and water articles regarding submitted foods and you will drinks try assessed utilising the Eating plan Study And additionally (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), hence spends structure research regarding USDA Federal Mineral Database and you may chosen Greek snacks (we.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, multiple Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Centered on overall time intake and energy expense, opportunity equilibrium is actually examined too.
Within this analysis, “drinks” refers to fruits fruit juice or packed fruit juice 100% versus glucose articles, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar that have glucose, carbonated drinks with sugar and energy/isotonic drinks), low-calorie sodas, teas and you can natural infusions, milk (all sorts of milk products, delicious chocolate whole milk and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee and java products, and you may alcohol (beer, drink and all sorts of liquor). “Take in opportunity consumption (DEI)” makes reference to time consumption of beverages “complete energy consumption (TEI)” to energy consumption regarding all the source and “energy consumption out-of ingredients” to opportunity intake regarding strong and you can fluid items (e.g., soups). Brand new share away from products communities so you can overall time intake (research away from Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), shown as complete water intake (TWI), we.age., water off beverages, h2o, strong and liquid foods so when drink drinking habits (DWI), i.e., water of products and you will drinking water.
step 3. Analytical Study
Results are demonstrated since the mean ± sd on usually delivered parameters and you may average (P25–P75) with the skewed of these. Normality are checked-out by using the possibilities–possibilities spot (P–P plot) and histograms. Differences when considering men and women about your overall times consumption, opportunity out-of beverages, opportunity from food, times costs, energy harmony, water intake, water regarding drinking water and you will drinks, water away from drinks, liquids of water, water away from edibles, h2o loss and you can liquids balance have been assessed on the separate try t-decide to try into usually delivered variables therefore the Mann-Whittney You-attempt to your skewed of them. Similarly, differences between the new four quartiles of time from products were analyzed towards you to-method ANOVA F-try towards generally speaking marketed details additionally the Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try into skewed of these. Benefit level is actually place from the 5%. Correlations within sum off drinks to help you drinking habits in relation to times in winter season and you will summer was in fact tested by the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients getting normally delivered otherwise skewed parameters. Every statistical analyses did having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).