dos. Materials and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, the newest WBQ brings: (A) studies towards reputation of one’s fellow member; (B) recording from practices towards time of the early in the day times off strong and you can liquid eating, liquid or beverages regarding a partial-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 58 items verified to own quoting energy consumption and additional sugar and you will honey that’s put in products; and you will (C) estimation off physical working out the help of its the brand new Around the globe Physical exercise Questionnaire (IPAQ) , which info duration of physical activity at three hobby account (intense, moderate, mild do so) or sedentary conditions. Brand new IPAQ could have been validated before given that a cross-national tool for recording physical exercise [20,21,22] also to imagine energy expenses.
The power and you can water https://kissbrides.com/danish-women/give/ content out of submitted items and you can drinks are analyzed using the Eating plan Research And additionally (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and therefore uses structure studies from the USDA National Mineral Database and you will picked Greek foods (i.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles beans soup, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Considering full energy consumption and effort expense, time equilibrium try evaluated as well.
In this research, “drinks” identifies fruits juice otherwise packaged juices 100% rather than glucose content, sugar-sugary beverages (SSDs) (fruit nectar with sugar, carbonated drinks that have glucose and effort/isotonic products), low-calorie soft drinks, tea and you will natural infusions, dairy (all kinds of dairy, delicious chocolate milk products and you may cocoa drink), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee and coffee drinks, and liquor (beer, drink and all variety of liquor). “Drink time consumption (DEI)” means times consumption from products “complete time consumption (TEI)” so you can time consumption out-of all the supplies and you may “energy intake from foods” to opportunity consumption of good and fluid dishes (age.grams., soups). The fresh sum from drinks organizations in order to total energy intake (studies off Malisova et al. 2013), demonstrated while the total water intake (TWI), we.elizabeth., drinking water out-of beverages, h2o, good and water dinners and also as take in intake of water (DWI), i.elizabeth., drinking water away from drinks and drinking water.
3. Mathematical Analysis
Results are demonstrated as the imply ± sd into the typically distributed details and you may median (P25–P75) on the skewed of them. Normality is looked at utilising the opportunities–chances patch (P–P spot) and you may histograms. Differences when considering men regarding your complete time intake, time off beverages, opportunity off snacks, time costs, energy harmony, intake of water, liquid out-of water and you may products, h2o from beverages, h2o away from liquids, h2o regarding edibles, drinking water losses and you can liquid harmony had been analyzed towards independent sample t-sample for the generally marketed details in addition to Mann-Whittney U-attempt into skewed of them. Similarly, differences between the newest four quartiles of your time regarding drinks was basically reviewed towards the you to definitely-means ANOVA F-decide to try into generally distributed parameters and the Kruskal-Wallis H Test for the skewed of them. Importance level are set at 5%. Correlations between the sum off beverages so you’re able to intake of water in loved ones to opportunity within the winter and you may june was indeed tested by Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients for usually marketed otherwise skewed variables. Most of the mathematical analyses performed having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).